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The files that control what Anna says are written in a special markup language called AIML - Artificial Intelligence Markup Language. Since AIML is an XML specification, it relies on tags (enclosed in <brackets> to operate. If you have ever edited an HTML document, you will see the similarities quickly.
This guide is intended to show you the fundamentals of editing AIML - it is recommended that you open up a small AIML file, such as anna_brain/1.aiml while reading this document so you can follow along easily. Essentially, a pattern is matched within the <pattern> tags and the response that is given back is in the <template> tag. Since only the most appropriate pattern is matched, only one output is generated for each input.
*
The * represents a 'wildcard match' that matches one or more words in the <pattern> tag._
Like the *, the _ also represents wildcard matching, but with more precedence than other matches.<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ISO-8859-1'?>
The first line of the AIML document, it specifies the document as the appropriate XML type. This tag is essential for all XML applications. Since AIML is an extended XML subset, this tag is required at the start of all valid AIML files.<aiml> ... </aiml>
This tag is the parent tag for the entire AIML document. It is normally the second statement in the AIML file. Dont try to write AIML without one of these sets.<category> ... </category>
This tag is the container tag for the 'Meat' of the AIML language. Within the catgory tag, there should be two sets of tags, the 'matching' part of the expression and the 'returning' part of the expression. Generally these are represented by the <pattern> and <template> tags, but other tags may be used.<pattern> ... </pattern>
Specifies the pattern to match. Can involve Wildcards, like *, which matches 1 or more word.<this> ... </this>
The <this> tag is placed immediately after the </pattern> and immediately before the <template> tags. It specifies the last thing Anna has said. It is most appropriately used when the response is ambiguous. For instance, look up any name and see that is has a <this> tag specifying whether or not to respond through a name. This reduces duplications and makes Anna seem more human.<template> ... </template>
How Anna responds when the <pattern> tag within the <category> is matched.<random> ... </random>
This tag selects a random element from the list of <li>s that appear witin it.<li> ... </li>
Specifies a list item. Used within the <random> tag.<srai> ... </srai>
Perhaps the most fundamental tag. It specifies recursion, where anything within the tag is acted on as if it were input to Anna, but without displaying anything. Stands for a bunch of stuff, but I like to think of it as something exotic and powerful. You should to. This tag allows for the same question to be 'passed around' to different parts of the program. Very useful. For instance, the pattern 'DO YOU LIKE CHICKEN?' can be passed to 'WHAT KINDS OF FOODS DO YOU LIKE', without the user seeing anything. Quite cool.<star />
Used when embedded in an <srai> tag, this matches whatever information was gerenalized with the * (or the underscore)in the pattern tag. For instance, using the above example, the pattern 'DO YOU LIKE *?', using the <star /> tag makes the word 'CHICKEN' substitute for the <star /> tag.<sr />
Shortcut for <srai><star /></srai>. See above for what this means, it is only effective when the * in the pattern is holding a useful match.<think> ... </think>
This tag essentially makes Anna perform whatever is between the tags but not output anything to the user. Most useful when combined with <set> or <get>.<topic name='VALUE'> ... </topic>
The topics appear in the star.aiml file. If there has been a topic <set> matching the query, then this tag will be utilized. See star.aiml for examples of use.<set name='VALUE'> ... </set>
Sets whatever is within the tags to the variable VALUE. Can be retrieved through use of the <get> tag.<get name='VALUE' />
Outputs whatever is in the variable VALUE. If VALUE has not been <set>, defaults to '.<person />
This tag is like <star /> only it replaces it when not enclosed in an <srai> tag.Aiml Editor Online
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The comment tag. whatever is between the tag is not parsed - allowing developers to make helpful notes while coding. (Redirected from AIML set)
Filename extension | |
---|---|
Developed by | Dr. Richard S. Wallace |
Initial release | July 16, 2001; 19 years ago[1] |
Latest release | 2.1 (rev 1.0.2.22) (March 9, 2018; 2 years ago[2]) |
Type of format | Artificial intelligence |
Extended from | XML |
Open format? | Yes |
Website | http://www.aiml.foundation/doc.html |
AIML, or Artificial Intelligence Markup Language, is an XML dialect for creating natural language software agents.
History[edit]
The XML dialect called AIML was developed by Richard Wallace and a worldwide free software community between 1995[citation needed] and 2002. AIML formed the basis for what was initially a highly extended Eliza called 'A.L.I.C.E.' ('Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity'), which won the annual Loebner Prize Competition in Artificial Intelligence[3] three times, and was also the Chatterbox Challenge[4] Champion in 2004.
Because the A.L.I.C.E. AIML set was released under the GNU GPL, and because most AIML interpreters are offered under a free or open source license, many 'Alicebot clones' have been created based upon the original implementation of the program and its AIML knowledge base. Free AIML sets[5] in several languages have been developed and made available by the user community. There are AIML interpreters available in Java, Ruby, Python, C++, C#, Pascal, and other languages (see below[dead link]).A semi-formal specification[6] and a W3C XML Schema for AIML[7] are available.
Since early 2013, The A.L.I.C.E foundation has been working on a draft specification for AIML 2.0.[8]
Elements of AIML[edit]
AIML contains several elements. The most important of these are described in further detail below.
Categories[edit]
Categories in AIML form the fundamental unit of knowledge. A category consists of at least two further elements: the pattern and template elements. Here is a simple category:
When this category is loaded, an AIML bot will respond to the input 'What is your name' with the response 'My name is Michael N.S Evanious.'
Patterns[edit]
A pattern is a string of characters intended to match one or more user inputs. A literal pattern like
will match only one input, ignoring case: 'what is your name'. But patterns may also contain wildcards, which match one or more words. A pattern like
will match an infinite number of inputs, including 'what is your name', 'what is your shoe size', 'what is your purpose in life', etc.
The AIML pattern syntax is a very simple pattern language, substantially less complex than regular expressions and as such less than level 3 in the Chomsky hierarchy. To compensate for the simple pattern matching capabilities, AIML interpreters can provide preprocessing functions to expand abbreviations, remove misspellings, etc.
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The AIML syntax itself is at least as complex as finite state machines and as such at least of level 3 in the Chomsky hierarchy. This is because a state correlates to one topic. To implement that behavior, the topic should have a '*' Pattern to make sure, that the state is not left accidentally. A state transit is implemented with the
<think><setname='topic'>state2</set></think>
Tag. This way, the bot will be able to 'remember' the topic talked about or even user privileges, which are gained during the chat.Templates[edit]
A template specifies the response to a matched pattern. A template may be as simple as some literal text, like
A template may use variables, such as the example
which will substitute the bot's name into the sentence, or
which will substitute the user's age (if known) into the sentence.
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Template elements include basic text formatting, conditional response (if-then/else), and random responses.
Templates may also redirect to other patterns, using an element called srai (Symbolic Reduction in Artificial Intelligence). This can be used to implement synonymy, as in this example (where CDATA is used to avoid the need for XML escaping):
The first category simply answers an input 'what is your name' with a statement of the bot's name. The second category, however, says that the input 'what are you called' should be redirected to the category that matches the input 'what is your name'—in other words, it is saying that the two phrases are equivalent.
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Templates can contain other types of content, which may be processed by whatever user interface the bot is talking through. So, for example, a template may use HTML tags for formatting, which can be ignored by clients that don't support HTML.
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References[edit]
- ^'Press Release: AIML 1.0 Standard Passed (A.L.I.C.E. AI Foundation)'. alicebot.org. San Francisco CA. 16 July 2001. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^'AIML 2.1 (AIML Foundation)'. aiml.foundation/. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^'loebner.net - Informationen zum Thema loebner'. loebner.net. 26 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
- ^'Chatterbox Challenge'. chatterboxchallenge.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
- ^'Free AIML sets - aitoold.org'. aitools.org. 17 May 2006. Archived from the original on 9 October 2006.
- ^'AIML 1.0.1 (A.L.I.C.E. AI Foundation)'. alicebot.org. 13 October 2011. Archived from the original on 18 November 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^'AIML.xsd'. aitools.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
- ^'AIML 2.0 draft specification released'. alicebot.blogspot.com. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
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